Breast cancer begins when cells in the breast grow uncontrollably and form a tumour that may be felt as a lump or seen on imaging. It is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women, and one where early detection makes a large difference to outcomes.
In India, many patients are still diagnosed at advanced stages due to delayed check-ups or limited awareness. Regular screening and attention to symptoms help catch the disease earlier, when treatment options are widest. A diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but it is not the end of the road — with timely detection and the right treatment, many people do well.
Treatment depends heavily on the type and biology of the tumour:
Ductal carcinoma in situ — very early, non-invasive cells confined to the duct.
The most common invasive type, starting in the milk ducts.
Starts in the milk-producing lobules.
Hormone receptor (ER/PR) positive — often responds to hormonal therapy.
Driven by the HER2 protein — treated with HER2-targeted therapy.
ER, PR and HER2 negative — chemotherapy and, in some cases, immunotherapy.
Most breast lumps are not cancer — but any new or persistent change deserves a check.
Having a risk factor does not mean breast cancer will develop — but awareness helps with timely checks.
Breast self-awareness, clinical breast examination and mammography (as advised for your age and risk) help find cancer earlier. Women with a strong family history may be advised earlier or additional screening and genetic counselling. Your doctor will recommend what is appropriate for you.
Evaluation of a breast lump typically follows a triple assessment:
Staging (I–IV) then assesses whether and how far the cancer has spread. Recommendations are personalised to your symptoms, age and history.
Biomarker testing guides modern breast cancer treatment and is essential:
A medical oncologist often coordinates systemic treatments — chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy — while working with breast surgeons, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists and genetic counsellors as part of a multidisciplinary team.
Destroys rapidly dividing cells; before surgery (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant).
For ER/PR-positive cancers — blocks hormone activity.
For specific markers such as HER2.
Used in selected cases, particularly some triple-negative cancers.
Surgery removes the tumour; radiotherapy reduces recurrence risk — led by the surgical and radiation teams.
Cellular therapies are not standard treatment for most breast cancers today. They may be available only in selected research or clinical-trial settings.
Survival depends on stage at diagnosis, tumour subtype, treatment response and overall health. In general, breast cancer detected at an early stage has better outcomes than cancer detected after it has spread. Advances in targeted and immune-based treatments continue to improve outcomes. Every patient’s situation is different — your oncologist can explain what the evidence means for you.